Macroeconomic questions Essay

1. In America heavy-duty street cleaning machines driven by one person because the government is able to effort to play the machinery. In other countries they don’t have the resources to invest there money in machinery and they have people cleaning with brooms. Labor is cheaper then paying a machinery and spending money on gas as well. 2. The basic question facing any society does technology that play the greatest role, â€Å"How are these goods and services to be produced?†. Technology plays one of the biggest roles because goods are produced with machinery. 3. PPF that is concave shows a more genuine production possibilities and the PPF is bowed out from the origin because opportunity costs rise and more factors are used. 4. Unemployment is shown on the PPF by the line shifting to the left due to the fact that the production would decrease. 5. Three factors that can contribute to an economy’s growth would be increasing labor, increase in population, and capital accumulation. 6. A country would still be able to benefit from trade because they can produce goods at a lower cost and be able to use inputs of other products of which they traded. 7. 7. The main concept of the video was mainly specialization. This is how things have improved in productivity; it displays that everything in the world plays propose. The video used an example of making hamburgers, the restaurant has employees and each has there own job, with everyone doing they’re jobs hamburgers are produced faster and more efficiently. The employees are basically the motor of the restaurant, which make them an important factor.

Leadership theory and competency framework Essay

Introduction Leadership is always been interesting topic to be discussed. Given the theories that continue to grow and evolve. There is none of the theories that really can define what is the real meaning of leadership but we agree that the leader must have knowledge, skills on how to analyse the information in order to make appropriate decision. An effective leader is one who is able to read the situation, correct the problem, responsible, willingness to develop the followers, have integrity and good ethics. Effective leadership expected to act within the ethical framework. The ethical framework itself is about what right or wrong and good and bad. The reason why ethical decision becomes so important in the leadership is because business involves in a lot of transactions with people both within and outside the organisation. The purpose of this report is to provide better understanding about effective leadership, decision making and ethical management and how they linked each other both in theori es and practices and how the leaders ensure that every decisions are made within the ethical framework. Ethics . According to Ciulla (1998) Ethics is study about human relationships it is about the role that we play in life on what we should do and what we should be like as human being. Ethics is about right or wrong and good or devil. Ethics is the foundation of leadership. There are four theories in ethics: 1. Virtue ethics. Focused on in individual processes whether their act is expressing good character (moral virtues) or not. 2. Deontological ethics. In deontological perspective, intentions are the morally relevant aspects of an act. As long as the leader acts according to his or her duty on moral principles then the leader acts ethically, regardless of the consequences. In simple words, deontological focus on what is right based on the facts. 3. Ethical growth and learning ethics. Ethical growth and learning ethics also called as the character ethics. According to Covey (1992) the character ethics based on living effectively including things like integrity, courage, fidelity and so on. He believes that human have to go through the necessary stages in their life for their personal growth. Senge (1990), see learning process in each individual are important for the organisation learning  development. 4. Teleological. This theory locates the ethics of the action in its results. Leadership Leadership is the one of the specific type of human relations. There are a lot of thoughts behind the theory of leadership, even those theories still growing from time to time and it stills remain without satisfactory conclusion on that. According to Bolden, The theories of leadership are ranging as follow (Bolden et all.,2003): 1. Great Man theories. These theories based on the idea that leaders are those who are incredible, born with leadership qualities and destined to become a leader. 2. Trait theories. The theories based on the qualities and traits that leaders have. Trait theories often 3. Behavioural theories. These theories are opposite from great man theories. The theories believe that good leaders are made, not born. 4. Situational theories. These theories view leadership as something that is specific into the situations. For example: there are some situations that require the type of autocratic leadership, in other situation participative approach might needed. 5. Contigency theories. These theories focus on particular variables related to the environment to suit the style of the leadership. According to this, successful leadership depends on numbers of variables including leadership style, follower’s quality and the conditions. 6. Participative theories. The theories suggest that ideal leadership style is one that taking input from others. These leaders are more engaging the group members in decision making process. According to Lewin (1939) there are three leadership style in participatory, autocratic, democratic and laissez faire. 7. Management theories or transactional theories These theories focus on the role of organisation and group performance. These theories use rewards and punishment system and most used by the business organisations. 8. Relationship Theories or transformational theories. These theories focus on the connection between the leaders and followers. In this theory, beside focus on the overall performance of the groups, the leader also focusing on each member’s potential. This theory also often has high ethical and moral standards. Decision Making According to business dictionary, Decision making is process of selecting a choice from the available options. In order to make good decision, someone must be able to predict the result of each option and based on that options, take the best for the particular situation. There are two dominant decision making process models: 1. Rational model Rational model is mechanistic. The foundation of this model is quantitative discipline. It involves a cognitive process where each step follows in a logical order in order to get the best result. Disadvantage of this method is slow process in decision making 2. Bounded rationality Bounded rationality foundation is qualitative approaches. Bounded rationality model recognize that the data that available may or may not be completely valid but decision maker stills allow to make decision based on available data. 1. Toyota Toyota started in 1993 as one of Toyoda automatic divisions. Toyoda Automatic was encouraged to develop Japanese automobile production by Japanese government for supply their domestic vehicles. In 1993, Toyota motor co. became independent and separated from Toyoda automatic. Toyota started to expand in 1960 to other countries began by establishing new research and development facility in Thailand and in 1963, the first Toyota built outside Japan located in Melbourne, Australia. During that decade, Toyota had  exported one million units which had their presence established worldwide. In 2010 Toyota facing the most critical crisis on their history as one of the biggest car manufacturers in the world. At least 8 million cars were recalled from the market regarding to floor mats and gas peddles that causing uncontrollable acceleration that reported become the cause of accidents and death. This incident costing the company of millions dollars in repair expenses lost in sales and destroy ed the company image for its reputation and of course undermining its credibility. The company also faced some of expensive lawsuits because it accused that Toyota leaders knew about the problems but they held back the information to held recall and in this case the Toyota leaders using ethical growth and learning approach. A lot of organisation experienced crisis incidents that need them to make audience public messages in explanation, apologies, and other efforts to fix their image. The unethical things that resulting in public accusation often can result in harm to shareholders and stakeholders of the organisation and will have negative impact in organisation’s sustainability. Toyota confront by some very clear situational limitation in trying to respond effectively in responding to the allegations and fixing its bad image. The allegations including the causes of the problem is not all clear yet ranging from engineering issue to human’s error. In reality, some reports suggest that the company do to repair the product are not solving the problems. The toyota also accused on having slow decision making process because they didnt respond to that that problem quickly and decisively. Ideally, the organisation expected to have quickly responsive actions to make positive image in the society because it is indicate that the organisation primary interest is to solving the problems rather that avoid legal problems. Such organisations are likely to be seen as ethical, responsible and decisive. However, the most difficult part that the company confront regarding their CEO. Akio Toyoda, the grandson of the founder. He facing the culture conflict associated with his multinational company’s nature. In general, Japanese corporate cultures encouraging harmony and try to avoid addressing the problems in public and prefer to manage behind the scenes and the process of their decision making is using consensus model. Consensus model is time consuming process and it will slow organisation in  their respond to the crisis. For some countries this can be seen that company is not decisive. Also in the Japanese organisation culture, they more focus on their leader’s opinion than public’s opinion. 2. Trafigura Trafigura is a private company established in 1993 by six partners, Claude Dauphin, Eric de Turckheim, Graham Sharp, Antonio Cometti, Daniel Posen and Mark Crandall. They are focusing on three regional markets, South America for oil and mineral industry, Eastern Europe for metals industry and Africa for oil industry. Currently, the group has 81 offices in 56 countries. The story of ethical issues that faced by Trafigura begun in early 2006 when Trafigura’s oil trader decided to buy Coker naphtha, a refinery by product from Mexico. They did this to make a quick profit. In between March and June 2006, three loads of 28.000 tonned was received in Texas and transferred to chartered cargo ship, Probo Koala. Dangerous chemicals were used to clean the Coker naphtha and then Trafigura realised that they facing the problem on how to dispose the toxic material safely. In July 2006, Probo Koala arrived in Amsterdam where one of the branch corporate offices is located. The Amsterdam Port Service, a Dutch waste management company agreed to treat and dispose the waste but in the higher price than it was agreed because APS discovered that the slop was much more polluted and requiring special treatment. As the consequences of that problem, the Probo Koala back to the sea and in August 2006, it arrived in Ivory Coast to deliver the waste to local company called Compagnie Tommy. Tommy then was illegally dumped the waste without treating it across Abidjan. The weeks after, thousands were sick and at least 10 death reported. Trafigura reached out of court agreement with Ivorian government by paying $ 198 million for cleaning up and helping the victims. Here we can see that the company using teleological approach in handling the problem. However, they denied that what they did is wrong and refused to accept any legal liabilities for that incident. The way Trafigura handled the crisis criticized by corporate responsibility observer. They said it was clearly messed up because when facing the problem, company ideally needs to find the facts quickly,  disclose them quickly and involve those who can reduce the problem and work with affected community in order to clean up the damage. In contrast, Trafigura, held everything privately and in the company like this they don’t have the same transparency and ethical requirements that a publicly company has. By looking for those examples, we realised that the need for ethics in leadership become obvious. Ethics influenced the leader in their leadership and decision making. Understandings of ethics begin with the analysis of values, both individual and organisational. Effective leaders must aware of their values, and system of ethics and ethical decision making. Good character and integrity are what we want to see from the leader. Somehow there is always the connection between a value system and the ability of the leader to use these values in their decision making. According to the Josephone Institute’s (1999), there are six pillars of character that might easily be applied to business setting. They are: Trustworthiness – honesty, integrity, reliability, loyalty, keeping promises and not deceiving others. Respect – using the golden rule or treating others as you wish be treated, in addition to being courteous, listening to others, and accepting individual differences Responsibility – accountability, self-control, the pursuit of excellence and considering consequences of our actions prior to making them Fairness – playing the rule, not taking advantage of others, making informed judgments without favoritism or prejudice, and not blaming others Caring – Kindness, compassion, and altruism, acting to minimize hardship and to help others whenever possible Citizenship – working to make one’s community better, protecting the environment, making our democratic institution work, and operating withi n the law How the leaders ensure that all decisions are made ethically? The foundation of ethical decision making involves choice and balance. As we discuss before ethics is the study of human relationship about right and wrong. To ensure that all decisions made ethically, leaders have to do ethic checks. There are varies on ethic checks but to make it simple, we can define ethic checks into three parts. The most common questions when we questioning about ethics are whether it is legal?, whether it is fair?, and if we do this, how it  will affect ourselves as human being s a member’s of society. The first part of ethic check is bout legality. Legal here means not only within legal system but also whether it is legal within the organisation policies. After we get the answer for the first part the next question will it be fair? One of the traits that effective leadership must have is putting the organisation’s interest above their personal interest. Hence to ensure the decision has made ethically here the leader should check whether the decision will be fair for all stakeholders. Lastly, after those two questions answered, the leaders must ask themselves how they want to be view by the society because whatever it is, regardless the power that the leaders have, they are still a member’s of society. Conclusion Ethics is the heart of leadership. In understanding the leadership it is important for us to understand about the ethics. Ethics is the study of human relationship. It is about what we should do and what we should be like in the society. The ethics can be different from one and another because ethics influenced by other factors such as family influence, religious belief, culture, experience and personal reflection. Leadership on the other hand is the particular type of human relationship that involving power. The effective leader has to have good ethics as one of their traits because in effective leadership, leader should put the group interest above his or her personal interest. Nowadays, many organisations in the world have been damage by their unethical decision making and most cases because they put self- interest above group or society interest which destroys the society trust to the organisations. Regarding to that we can see that ethics and leadership should go hand in hand and the effective leadership should have good ethics that stick to the moral values on the society and oppose all the unethical conduct. Like other things in the world nothing is perfect, but it is very good for the leader to ensure that the decisions are made ethically through questioning their decision whether it is legal or fair for them and for the community and the leader also consider their decision as their personal reflection. References Bolden, R., Gosling, J., Marturani, A. and Dennison, P. (2003). A review of leadership theory and competency framework. Centre for Leadership studies, UK : University of Exeter Linstead, S., Fulop, L., Lilley, S. (2009). Management & Organization A critical text. New York, NY: Palgrave Ciulla, J.B. (ED). (1998). Ethics, the heart of leadership. Westport, CT:Praeger. Driscoll, D. M. & Hoffman, W.M. (2000). Ethics matters: How to implement values-driven management. Waltham, MA Hitt, W.D. (1990). Ethics and Leadership. Columbus, OH: batelle Johnson, C.E. (2001). Meeting the ethical challenges of leaderhip. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishers. The six pillars of Character. (2009). Retrieved from http://charatercounts.org/six pillars.html Leadership Theories and styles. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.etsu.edu/ahsc/documents/Leadership_Theories.pdf History of Toyota. (n.d). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Toyota Seeger, M. (2010) Image restoration and Toyota recall. In communication currents. Retrieved from https://www.natcom.org/CommCurrentsArticle.aspx?id=967 Trafigura corporate history. (n.d). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafigura Chhabara, R. (2009) Trafigura –Toxic ethics. In communication reporting. Retrieved from http://www.ethicalcorp.com/communications-reporting/trafigura-%E2%80%93-toxic- ethics 10 of most unethical business practices in business (n.d). Retrieved from http://www.businesspundit.com/10-most-unethical-business-practices/

The current level of government regulation of business is detrimental Term Paper

The current level of government regulation of business is detrimental to our economy - Term Paper Example It was the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century that was the start of modern business organizations. The principles of business have been the same over the years - the availability of land, labor, capital and management. Among the factors of the production, capital has become the most important as the other factors are dependent on it. The capital and the management lead to the concept of Capitalism. Capitalism is the process of earning a living with the use of capital. The era of the capitalism is prominent in the growth of business over the years. It has been present since medieval times. In earlier stages of human history, people were nomadic in nature and they relied on agriculture. However, even at that time, the society consisted of businessmen of various classes and there were signs of business activity. Industrial Revolution, of the nineteenth century, aided the growth of the private business bodies and this helped in the development of economy. In some cases like that i n China and Russia, the capitalism was state controlled and the Government controlled the economic activities of the state. Throughout the stages of the economic development, the governing bodies of the society have maintained some sort of control over the growth of business. In early days, kings and the chiefs had the governing power. The economic activities and business needed their permission. Then came democracy, here the onus fell on governments of the respective countries to control the business activities. In some cases, governmental control has aided the development of the business, while on the other hand it has blocked the natural path of development. As the governmental system strengthened, judicial system developed to further defend the interest of businesses and their stake holders. This helped in the formation of rules and regulations, which were to be followed by the business organizations. The setting up of the rules and regulations paved the way for a more disciplined approach to the setting up of the business. However, there have been complaints that too many rules and regulations gover n business organizations, which is detrimental to the natural growth of the business organizations. Indirectly, this also affects the rate of growth at which the economies grow. Thus, it can be said that the current level of government regulation of business is detrimental to our economy. (Graf, 2003: 1-8) The concept of Regulation The regulation of the business activities has been a problem from the beginning of time. These were the times when the leaders of the tribe or the kings controlled the people and business activity of their dominion. The next stage was of colonialism, the kings of the countries regulated the activities of the business. In the case of USA, the regulation of the business activities started with the advent of colonialism. The Europeans descended the USA and set up colonies in the region. The Government of the respective countries controlled the colonies. The business activities followed the trajectory of that in Europe where guilds were formed to control the business activities. These were formed to protect the people from exploitation of the authority. There were two different types of guilds in the medieval age - merchant guild and the craft guild. The merchant guild was

Community, Education and Project Management Essay

Community, Education and Project Management - Essay Example A comprehensive analysis regarding complete features of workshop sessions is provided in a chronological sequence, followed by details of my personal development and experience from this entire exercise. Here, I also discussed a special case of a particular child who showed symptoms of evolving through the knowledge and confidence gained from my sessions and how I was moved from this astounding development. This area confers about how I take pride and credit for achievements that I gained by conducting an effective workshop and for amazing feedback I received from an audience as well as my mentor. The chapter closes in with a concluding summary of how this whole exercise enhanced my learning curve and how I see myself merging as a new person after the end of this spiritual journey. The notes provided in this report can be helpful for anyone who desires to conduct a successful workshop, learning from where I made mistakes and how I coped with challenges that came my way! Background: W ho’s who and what’s what? Location for workshop After being instructed to plan a workshop, the very first step to ponder about was the location where the workshop could be possibly held in the most effective manner. To discuss regarding this, I met my mentor and talked in detail about my placement. Initially, my intentions were to try for some non-profit organizations engaged in community development activities with a primary focus on schools and educational institutions. My theme was dance and movements and I strongly believed that dance can be best used in education for children who can’t communicate verbally and therefore, seconding to Mertz in ‘As I See it,’ dance is a language and communication mode which uses one’s body and movements instead of vocal notes to convey a message. The person at the other end reads the gestures and decodes the subtle meaning behind them. For kids, it could be the only mode of speaking up until a later age an d the workshop could be useful in this context. It was vital to decide what target I desire to target for the workshops for which an article by Natura Networking Programme (ELO) came in handy. Based on nature of my workshop, I needed to determine whether I shall need an assistant, any external funding, group of people for whom my intended workshop shall be most fruitful and associations that might be interested in my subject matter. My mentor gave me the names of some popular groups and associations where I could consider conducting my workshop. Accordingly, I applied to these entities requesting them to grant me permission to hold a workshop as part of my coursework. In order of my priorities, I applied first to Village Primary school but got a negative response on the grounds that it already had a full subscription of clubs. However, the school referred me to another association namely Refugee Housing Association.

Strategic bombing campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic bombing campaign - Essay Example One aspect was that the strategic bombing campaign â€Å"did hut morale [of the Nazi leadership] severely, and the leadership, drawing on its belief that Germany had lost the war because of a collapse of civilian morale, cast its response in accordance with a popular mood that demanded retaliation.† Martel has described the air campaign by the Allied forces in the World War II as â€Å"remorseless† which points to the intensity of those air attacks and causalities that were caused. The air attacks were so exhaustive that by October 1945, only a few rail tracks and similar, less sensitive targets, were remaining to be bombed. The â€Å"most damaging single raid† in the war prior to the use of atom bombs was the bombing carried out in Tokyo which killed around 80,000 people and also destroyed about 300000 buildings. It was a fact that, â€Å"within areas devastated by attacks, substantial slowdowns in production occurred.† Murray and Millet have also reveale d that the production of war-related materials in Germany was retarded by the air strikes. The air raids from the side of Japanese forces were also having their impact on the resistance power of Britain as well. It was reported that, in Britain, as early as in â€Å"1940 air raid shelters in big cities were becoming distressingly full of poor, chronically sick, homeless old people who had nowhere else to go.† Hence, it can be seen that the impact has been mutual. Yet, Japan and Germany were greatly paralyzed by the bombings. Germany’s military traffic was greatly affected.

Enterprise progec Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Enterprise progec - Essay Example It also needs rigorous digital marketing campaign as well. We are a team of professional marketers skilled in online marketing (social media management, web development / enhancement and search engine optimisation). We will manage the task of online marketing of Consult2C by attracting attention of maximum potential customers through digital channels of communication. The structure of website will be altered and made more attractive whereas images, titles and tags will be researched and added to the website to optimise visit of potential clients via net traffic which will be tracked through rate of click to conversion. More focused marketing message will be delivered through the website as currently targeted organisations / clients are not mentioned on the web and even there is no vision or mission statement available. The algorithm of website will be redefined in order to rank it top in search engine results. Moreover the website will be advertised on the search engines and pay per click websites. Specific geographic markets are also easily targeted by search engine advertisement so non-targeted clients may be avoided. Few unique articles about the need of training for repute management, communication in organisation and employees development will be published in online article directories like Wikipedia, ehow.com, etc which will help to exalt online existence of services provided by the company. This is the most crucial part of the plan that is to be executed right after web optimisation and article publishing so that there is some foundation of online presence of the company. The pages will be designed and managed on Facebook, Twitter and Linkedin and certain organisations and individuals will be linked and communicated two-way to offer tailored services. Those pages will be updated on daily basis with service offering and press releases and more number of targeted clients will be addressed. This will also help to develop a

An Introduction to Proffesional issues in counselling Essay

An Introduction to Proffesional issues in counselling - Essay Example According to the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) ther are several situations in which a counsellor must act responsibly. These situations are covered by ethical standards. Ethics are defined as the "values, principles, and personal moral qualities" (BACP, p. 6). These qualities reside in each individual but having a code of ethics will give everyone a common foundation to work from. Many situations that appear in a counselling setting may push the ethics of an individual but with a common foundation they will understand what to do in each situation. This ethical principle speaks to a counsellors need to be trustworthy. They must allow trust to happen between them and the client without breaking this trust. The counsellor strictly adheres to a policy of confidentiality to help foster this trust. The counselling session is autonomous in itself and the counsellor understand the client has the right to engage or not engage in the counselling process. Hopefully the client wants to engage in their own healing because it happens faster when the client is engaged. Counsellors who respect their clients will make sure they have proper consent before they seek out information from third parties or before the give information out about the client. They will also make sure that if there are conflicts of interest that they are revealed to the client immediately and an appropriate referral will be made. When a counsellor understands the clients autonomy they do not manipulate a client for personal or professional gain. It is critical to the counsellor to understand the important of "doing no harm." A counsellor helps the client receive a professional assessment and once this happens the counsellor must work within their scope of practice; in other words they must only practice those counselling techniques that they have been trained

Truth and Truth Telling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Truth and Truth Telling - Essay Example Trust is a mutual aspect. In many instances, the mutual trust is lost. For instancem the hospital management loses trust in their staff, physicians loose trust in the nurses or even the patients loses trust in the entire staff. In all these cases the ultimate goal of treating a patient completely is hampered. The author emphases that trust involve both confidence and reliance. In the medical profession truth telling mainly relies on the aftermath or the consequence. For instance, if truth telling is good, or gives hope to a patient, then it is considered that a partial truth of a complete lie is ok. This is the view of Utilitarians. On the other hand a Deontologist would emphasis on telling truth regardless of the out come. The author quotes that truth is a statement or belief that corresponds to reality. Here the partial knowledge or a partial lie which is used is considered as a complete lie. The author illustrated this by giving two examples and how it can have an impact on the person on the opposite side. It is very essential to be truthful completely. The rationale or the reason for truth telling is emphasized in Bible and Quran. Lying is morally wrong and diminishes social trust. Truth telling is one of the most important tools in decision making and produces long term benefits rather than harm.

Answer All Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Answer All Questions - Assignment Example Decisions that can be prescribed in financial terms are covered in the financial strategy (Bender & Ward, 2012). Thus, it could be stated that the financial decisions are different from business decisions that the company may undertake however, they are related to each other and have implications for them. (iii) There are four reasons that market value might differ from fundamental value which are given below: a. The share price often reflect future prospect of the company’s performance (Bender & Ward, 2012). If the market expects that the financial results of a company will exceed the expected growth rates than the share price will react positively in advance (Bender & Ward, 2012). This is usually reflected by high price to earnings ratio. It is understood that companies’ stock which have higher price to earnings ratio are likely to show increase in the market value of their shares as the market develops an expectation that these companies are likely to outperform thei r expected targets. For example, a recent launch of iPhone 5 pushed the market value of Apple’s stocks higher. b. ... ecomes mature and better view of the company’s performance becomes clearer the market value of shares will begin to coincide with the fundamental value of business per share. c. The company announces a future investment project which is expected to yield higher returns for the company and thus, the market reacts positively to the news. Although, the investment is yet to be placed by the positive sentiments about the projections that the company makes for its investment decision can have positive impact up on the market value of the company’s shares. For example, a company Medinah Minerals announced its exploration project in South America which lead to major interest by shareholders in its stocks and the market value went up above the fundamental value of the company. d. If a company approaches to takeover another company then managers or shareholders of the target company may enter in the market to alter the market value of its shares so that higher bid can be achieved . In this case, the market value of shares will be higher than the fundamental value of the company. This is a strategy to prevent takeover bids by other entities. For example, this defense tactic is very much common in the US as compared to the UK. Q2: (i) Year 0 1 2 3 NPV Project A Cash Flows (240,000.00) - - 325,000.00 Discount Factor 1.00 0.90 0.81 0.73 Discounted CF (240,000.00) - - 237,637.20 (2,362.80) 0 1 2 3 NPV Project B Cash Flows (198,000.00) 110,800.00 82,500.00 45,000.00 Discount Factor 1.00 0.90 0.81 0.73 Discounted CF (198,000.00) 99,819.82 66,958.85 32,903.61 1,682.28 NPV is the sum of future cash flows discounted to the present time and it is understood that only those projects which result in positive NPV must be accepted by companies and all those projects which have negative NPV